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against authority

  • 1 authority

    حُجَّة \ argument: an opinion, with reason. authority: sb. with special knowledge: He is an authority on ancient Roman gods. case: the reasons that support a claim: The defending lawyer had a very weak case. evidence: things said in a law court so as to prove sth.: The police gave evidence against him. expert: having special skill or knowledge: She is an expert cook.

    Arabic-English glossary > authority

  • 2 Against All Authority

    1) Law: AAA
    2) Abbreviation: (gaming clan) AAA

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Against All Authority

  • 3 Against All Authority (gaming clan)

    Abbreviation: AAA

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Against All Authority (gaming clan)

  • 4 kick against

    phr.v. (исто и kick out against) бунтува, се противи, протестира против: Не has kicked out against authority all his life Цел живот тој бунтува против власта

    English-Macedonian dictionary > kick against

  • 5 set oneself up against the authority

    set oneself up against the authority

    English-Dutch dictionary > set oneself up against the authority

  • 6 John (Second Avignon Pope - reigned 1316-34 - who centralized church administration, condemned the Spiritual Franciscans, and, against Emperor Louis IV, upheld papal authority over imperial elections)

    Религия: Иоанн XXII

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > John (Second Avignon Pope - reigned 1316-34 - who centralized church administration, condemned the Spiritual Franciscans, and, against Emperor Louis IV, upheld papal authority over imperial elections)

  • 7 appeal against an order by judicial authority

    юр.Н.П. частная жалоба

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > appeal against an order by judicial authority

  • 8 protect against abuse of government authority

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > protect against abuse of government authority

  • 9 rebellious against lawful authority

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > rebellious against lawful authority

  • 10 rebel

    1. 'rebl noun
    1) (a person who opposes or fights against people in authority, eg a government: The rebels killed many soldiers; (also adjective) rebel troops.) rebelde
    2) (a person who does not accept the rules of normal behaviour etc: My son is a bit of a rebel.) rebelde

    2. rə'bel verb
    (to fight (against people in authority): The people rebelled against the dictator; Teenagers often rebel against their parents' way of life.) rebelarse
    - rebellious
    - rebelliously
    - rebelliousness
    rebel1 n rebelde
    rebel2 vb rebelarse
    tr[ (adj-n) 'rebəl; (vb) rɪ'bel]
    1 rebelde
    1 rebelarse ( against, contra)
    rebel [rɪ'bɛl] vi, - belled ; - belling : rebelarse, sublevarse
    rebel ['rɛbəl] adj
    : rebelde
    rebel ['rɛbəl] n
    : rebelde mf
    adj.
    • insurrecto, -a adj.
    • rebelde adj.
    n.
    • aleve s.m.
    • amotinador, -ora s.m.,f.
    • faccioso s.m.
    • insurrecto s.m.
    • rebelde s.m.
    • revoltoso s.m.
    • sedicioso s.m.
    v.
    • amotinar v.
    • insubordinar v.
    • insurreccionar v.
    • pronunciar v.
    • rebelarse v.
    • sublevar v.

    I 'rebəl
    noun rebelde mf; (before n) <forces, army> rebelde

    II rɪ'bel

    to rebel (AGAINST something/somebody) — rebelarse or sublevarse (contra algo/alguien)

    ['rebl]
    1.
    N rebelde mf
    2.
    [rɪ'bel]
    VI (=rise up) rebelarse, sublevarse; (=refuse to conform) rebelarse

    to rebel against sth/sb — rebelarse contra algo/algn

    at the sight of all that food, his stomach rebelled — su estómago se rebeló al ver tanta comida

    3.
    ADJ [forces, soldiers, factions] rebelde
    4.
    CPD
    * * *

    I ['rebəl]
    noun rebelde mf; (before n) <forces, army> rebelde

    II [rɪ'bel]

    to rebel (AGAINST something/somebody) — rebelarse or sublevarse (contra algo/alguien)

    English-spanish dictionary > rebel

  • 11 rebel

    1. noun
    Rebell, der/Rebellin, die
    2. attributive adjective
    1) (of rebels) Rebellen-
    2) (refusing obedience to ruler) rebellisch; aufständisch
    3. intransitive verb,
    - ll- rebellieren
    * * *
    1. ['rebl] noun
    1) (a person who opposes or fights against people in authority, eg a government: The rebels killed many soldiers; ( also adjective) rebel troops.) der/die Rebell(in), Rebellen-...
    2) (a person who does not accept the rules of normal behaviour etc: My son is a bit of a rebel.) der/die Rebell(in)
    2. [rə'bel] verb
    (to fight (against people in authority): The people rebelled against the dictator; Teenagers often rebel against their parents' way of life.) rebellieren
    - academic.ru/60610/rebellion">rebellion
    - rebellious
    - rebelliously
    - rebelliousness
    * * *
    re·bel
    I. n
    [ˈrebəl]
    1. (against government) Rebell(in) m(f), Aufständische(r) f(m)
    II. n
    [ˈrebəl]
    1. army, guerrillas, forces aufständisch, rebellierend
    2. person rebellisch
    III. vi
    <- ll->
    [rɪˈbel]
    1. (oppose)
    ▪ to \rebel [against sb/sth] [gegen jdn/etw] rebellieren, sich akk [gegen jdn/etw] erheben
    2. (show repugnance) rebellieren
    his conscience \rebelled at the thought of keeping the stolen money sein Gewissen plagte ihn bei dem Gedanken, das gestohlene Geld zu behalten
    * * *
    ['rebl]
    1. n
    Rebell(in) m(f), Aufrührer(in) m(f); (by nature) Rebell(in) m(f)
    2. adj attr
    rebellisch; forces, troops also aufständisch
    3. vi
    [rɪ'bel] rebellieren; (troops, forces also) sich erheben
    * * *
    rebel [ˈrebl]
    A s
    1. Rebell(in) (auch fig), Aufrührer(in)
    2. US HIST Anhänger m der Südstaaten (im amer. Bürgerkrieg)
    B adj
    1. rebellisch, aufrührerisch
    2. Rebellen…
    C v/i rebel [rıˈbel] rebellieren, sich auflehnen, aufbegehren ( alle:
    against gegen)
    * * *
    1. noun
    Rebell, der/Rebellin, die
    2. attributive adjective
    1) (of rebels) Rebellen-
    2) (refusing obedience to ruler) rebellisch; aufständisch
    3. intransitive verb,
    - ll- rebellieren
    * * *
    n.
    Rebell -en m. v.
    aufbäumen v.
    auflehnen v.

    English-german dictionary > rebel

  • 12 wüten

    v/i rage (auch Feuer, Seuche, Sturm etc.) ( gegen at, against); Menschenmenge: riot; (Zerstörung anrichten) create havoc
    * * *
    to rage
    * * *
    wü|ten ['vyːtn]
    vi (lit, fig)
    (= toben) to rage; (= zerstörerisch hausen) to cause havoc; (verbal) to storm (gegen at); (Menge) to riot
    * * *
    das
    1) (violence; great force: the rage of the sea.) rage
    2) (to act or shout in great anger: He raged at his secretary.) rage
    3) ((of wind, storms etc) to be violent; to blow with great force: The storm raged all night.) rage
    4) ((of battles, arguments etc) to be carried on with great violence: The battle raged for two whole days.) rage
    5) ((of diseases etc) to spread quickly and affect many people: Fever was raging through the town.) rage
    6) (to shout very loudly and angrily: He stormed at her.) storm
    * * *
    wü·ten
    [ˈvy:tn̩]
    vi to rage; Sturm to cause havoc
    der Sturm hat hier ganz schön gewütet the storm has caused havoc here
    gegen die Obrigkeit \wüten to riot against authority
    * * *
    intransitives Verb (auch fig.) rage; (zerstören) wreak havoc
    * * *
    wüten v/i rage (auch Feuer, Seuche, Sturm etc) (
    gegen at, against); Menschenmenge: riot; (Zerstörung anrichten) create havoc
    * * *
    intransitives Verb (auch fig.) rage; (zerstören) wreak havoc

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > wüten

  • 13 rebel

    re·bel n [ʼrebəl]
    1) ( against government) Rebell(in) m(f), Aufständische(r) f(m)
    2) ( against authority) Rebell(in) m(f) n [ʼrebəl] modifier
    1) army, guerrillas, forces aufständisch, rebellierend
    2) person rebellisch vi <- ll-> [rɪʼbel]
    1) ( oppose)
    to \rebel [against sb/sth] [gegen jdn/etw] rebellieren, sich akk [gegen jdn/etw] erheben
    2) ( show repugnance) rebellieren;
    his conscience \rebelled at the thought of keeping the stolen money sein Gewissen plagte ihn bei dem Gedanken, das gestohlene Geld zu behalten

    English-German students dictionary > rebel

  • 14 ♦ rebel

    ♦ rebel /ˈrɛbl/
    n.
    2 (stor., USA) sudista; del Sud
    ● (mil.) the rebel army, l'esercito dei rivoltosi.
    (to) rebel /rɪˈbɛl/
    v. i.
    ribellarsi: The army rebelled against their leaders, l'esercito si è ribellato ai suoi capi; to rebel against authority, ribellarsi all'autorità.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ rebel

  • 15 wüten

    wü·ten [ʼvy:tn̩]
    vi
    to rage; Sturm to cause havoc;
    der Sturm hat hier ganz schön gewütet the storm has caused havoc here;
    gegen die Obrigkeit \wüten to riot against authority

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > wüten

  • 16 kendu

    du/ad.
    1.
    a. ( oro) to take away, remove (- (r)i: from) ; zakurra \kendu zioten he had his dog taken away | they took his dog away from him; jateko gogoa \kendu zidan it took away my appetite; eskubide hori laster \kenduko diote they're going to take that privilege away from him soon ; \kendu ezinezko eskubideak inalienable rights; kafeak logura kentzen dit coffee keeps me from sleeping; Goethe hartuko nuke, inori ezer \kendu gabe, idazle alemaniar hoberentzat I would consider Goethe, with due respect to others, to be the best German writer ; sagarrari azala \kendu zion he peeled the apple; eszena hori ezin dut burutik \kendu I can't get that scene out of my head; amorratu egin naiz agintearen kontra erabiltzeko neukan armarik onena \kendu didatelako: debatea I have become incensed, among other reasons, because I have been deprived of the best weapon I had to use against authority: debate
    b. ( arropa, txapela, e.a.) to take off; horregatik nengoen txapela burutik \kenduta that's why I had my cap off
    c. ( zikindura, mantxa) to get out, remove, get rid of
    d. ( bizia) to take; bizia \kendu zioten they took his life
    e. Tek. ( zatia) to remove, take out, take off
    f. ( denbora) to take, take up; denbora asko kentzen dit it takes up a lot of my time
    g. ( oztopoa, eragozpena) to remove, take away, do away with
    h. Mat. to take away, subtract
    i. ( bizarra) to shave off, remove
    j. ( estalkia) to take off
    k. ( egarria) to quench
    2. ( lapurtu) to steal; autobusean kartera \kendu zioten she had her wallet stolen on the bus
    3. Joanes \kenduta, guztiak Zarautzen jaio ziren all were born in Zarautz except for Joanes
    4. ( libratu) to get rid of; ken ditzagun ohitura txar horiek let us rid ourselves of those bad {habits || routines}
    5. Lagunart. ( kostatu) to set back Lagunart., cost; zenbat \kendu dizute auto berri horregatik? how much did that new car set you back? da/ad. to get out of the way; \kendu hortik! get out of there!; \kendu! ezin diat ikusi get out of the way!, I can't see! Oharra: kendu duten esaerak aurkitzeko, bila itzazu izenaren, adjektiboaren eta abarren adieran, adib., ostikoka kendu aurkitzeko, bila ezazu ostikoka adieran

    Euskara Ingelesa hiztegiaren > kendu

  • 17 ἀρχή

    ἀρχή, ἡ, (v. ἄρχω)
    A beginning, origin,

    νείκεος ἀ. Il.22.116

    ;

    πήματος Od.8.81

    ;

    φόνου 21.4

    , etc.; opp. τέλος, Hdt.7.51, etc.; opp. τελευτή, Thgn.607, cf. Pl.Lg. 715e, Hp.Morb.1.1;

    ἀ. γενέσθαι κακῶν Hdt.5.97

    ;

    ἀ. ποιήσασθαί τινος Th.1.128

    , And.2.37, Isoc.12.120, etc.;

    ἀ. λαβεῖν τινός Aeschin.1.11

    ;

    τὰς ἀρχὰς εἰληφέναι Plb.4.28.3

    ; ἀρχὴν ὑποθέσθαι lay a foundation, D.3.2, etc.;

    βαλέσθαι Pl.Ep. 326e

     (and [voice] Pass.,

    ἀρχαὶ βέβληνται Pi.N.1.8

    );

    ἀρχὴν ἄρχεσθαί τινος Pl.Ti. 36e

    ; source of action, [

    ὁ ἄνθρωπος] ἔχει ἀρχὴν ἐλευθέραν Plot.3.3.4

    .
    b with Preps. in adverbial usages, ἐξ ἀρχῆς from the beginning, from the first, from of old, Od.1.188, Xenoph.10, etc.;

    οὑξ ἀ. φίλος S.OT 385

    ;

    ἡ ἐξ ἀ. ἔχθρα D.54.3

    ;

    τὸ ἐξ ἀ. X.Cyn.12.6

    ; but

    πλουτεῖν ἐξ ἀ. πάλιν

     anew, afresh,

    Ar.Pl. 221

    ;

    λόγον πάλιν ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀ. κινεῖν Pl.R. 450a

    ; ὁ ἐξ ἀ. λόγος the original argument, Id.Tht. 177c, etc.; τὰ ἐξ ἀ. the principal sum, Arist.Pol. 1280a30:—also

    ἀπ' ἀ. Hes.Th. 425

    , Hdt.2.104, Pi.P.8.25, A.Supp. 344, Pl.Tht. 206d; κατ' ἀρχάς in the beginning, at first, Hdt.3.153, 7.5;

    αὐτίκα κατ' ἀ. Id.8.94

    ;

    τὸ κατ' ἀ. Pl. Lg. 798a

    , al.
    c acc. ἀρχήν, abs., to begin with, at first, Hdt. 1.9, 2.28, 8.132;

    τὴν ἀρχήν And.3.20

    : pl.,

    τὰς ἀρχάς Plb.16.22.8

    : freq. followed by a neg., not at all,

    ἀρχὴν μηδὲ λαβών Hdt.3.39

    , cf. 1.193, al.;

    ἀ. δὲ θηρᾶν οὐ πρέπει τἀμήχανα S.Ant.92

    ;

    ἀ. κλύειν ἂν οὐκ.. ἐβουλόμην Id.Ph. 1239

    , cf. El. 439, Philol.3, Antipho5.73, Pl. Grg. 478c; sts. c. Art.,

    τοῦτο οὐκ ἐνδέκομαι τὴν ἀ. Hdt.4.25

    ;

    τὴν ἀ. γὰρ ἐξῆν αὐτῷ μὴ γράφειν D.23.93

    .
    2 first principle, element, first so used by Anaximander, acc. to Simp. in Ph.150.23, cf. Arist. Metaph. 983b11, etc.;

    Ἡράκλειτος τὴν ἀ. εἶναί φησι ψυχήν Id.de An. 405a25

    ; of ὕλη and θεός, opp. στοιχεῖα, Placit.1.3.25; practical principle of conduct,

    τῶν πράξεων τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ὑποθέσεις D. 2.10

    ; principles of knowledge, Arist.Metaph. 995b8, al.
    3 end, corner, of a bandage, rope, sheet, etc., Hdt.4.60, Hp.Off.9, E.Hipp. 762, Aen.Tact.18.14, Act.Ap.10.11; of a compound pulley, Hero Bel.84.14.
    4 Math., origin of a curve,

    τῆς ἕλικος Archim.Spir. 11

     Def.2, etc.;

    ξυνὸν ἀ. καὶ πέρας ἐπὶ κύκλου περιφερείας Heraclit. 103

    .
    5 branch of a river, LXX Ge.2.10 (pl.).
    6 sum, total, ib.Nu.1.2.
    7 vital organs of the body, Gal.1.318, al.
    II first place or power, sovereignty (not in Hom.),

    Διὸς ἀρχά Pi.O.2.64

    , cf. Hdt.1.6, etc.;

    γενέσθαι ἐπ' ἀρχῆς Arist.Pol. 1284b2

    : metaph., μεγάλην μεντἂν ἀ. εἴης εὑρηκώς, of a stroke of fortune, D.21.196: pl.,

    ἀρχαὶ πολισσονόμοι A.Ch. 864

     (lyr.);

    τὰς ἐμὰς ἀρχὰς σέβων S.Ant. 744

    , etc.: c. gen. rei,

    τῆσδ' ἔχων ἀρχὴν χθονός S.OT 737

    ; ἀ. τῶν νεῶν, τῆς θαλάσσης, power over them, Th.3.90, X.Ath.2.7, etc.: prov., ἀ. ἄνδρα δείξει Biasap.Arist.EN 1130a1, cf. D.Prooem.48; method of government,

    οὐδὲ τὴν ἄλλην ἀ. ἐπαχθής Th.6.54

    .
    2 empire, realm, Κύρου, Περδίκκου ἀ., Hdt.1.91, Th.4.128, etc.
    3 magistracy, office, ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν, παραλαμβάνειν, Hdt.3.80, 4.147;

    καταστήσας τὰς ἀ. καὶ ἄρχοντας ἐπιστήσας Id.3.89

    ; εἰς ἀ. καθίστασθαι Th.8.70; εἰς τὴν ἀ. εἰσιέναι D.59.72, etc.; ἀ. λαχεῖν to obtain an office, Id.57.25;

    Ἑλληνοταμίαι τότε πρῶτον κατέστη ἀ. Th.1.96

    ;

    ἐνιαύσιος ἀ. Id.6.54

    ; ἀ. χειροτονητή, κληρωτή, Lex ap.Aeschin.1.21; withsg. Noun,

    Κυθηροδίκης ἀ. ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης διέβαινεν αὐτόσε Th.4.53

    ; term of office,

    ἀρχῆς λοιποὶ αὐτῷ δύο μῆνες Antipho6.42

    ;

    ἀρχαὶ καὶ λειτουργίαι POxy.119.16

     (iii A.D.).
    4 in pl.,

    αἱ ἀρχαί

     the authorities, the magistrates,

    Th.5.47

    , cf. Decr. ap. And.1.83; ἐν ταῖς ἀ. εἶναι Th.6.54; ἡ ἀρχή collectively, 'the board', D.47.22, cf. IG1.229, etc.;

    παραδιδόναι τινὰ τῇ ἀ. Antipho5.48

    ; but ἡ ἀ., of a single magistrate, PHal.1.226 (iii B.C.); κατ' ἀρχῆς γὰρ φιλαίτιος λεώς against authority, A.Supp. 485;

    πομποὺς ἀρχάς Id.Ag. 124

     (anap.).
    5 command, i.e. body of troops, LXX 1 Ki.13.17, al.
    6 pl., heavenly powers, Ep.Rom.8.38, al., cf. Dam. Pr.96; powers of evil, Ep.Eph.6.12, al.
    III = εἶδος μελίσσης ἀκέντρου, Hsch.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἀρχή

  • 18 по доверенности

    against a letter/power of attorney/authority, by proxy

    4000 полезных слов и выражений > по доверенности

  • 19 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 20 ἐξουσία

    ἐξουσία, ας, ἡ (Soph., Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 30, 1; Mel., P. 104, 810 [Bodm.]) from ἔξεστιν.
    ① a state of control over someth., freedom of choice, right (e.g., the ‘right’ to act, decide, or dispose of one’s property as one wishes: BGU 1158, 13 [9 B.C.] = Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 234, 13 legal t.t., esp. in wills: POxy 272, 13; BGU 183, 25 ἔχειν αὐτὴν τὴν ἐ. τῶν ἰδίων πάντων; PTebt 319, 21.—Sir 30:11) ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν have the right 2 Th 3:9 (Just., D 16, 4). W. inf. foll. (Teles p. 23, 14; 24, 11; Tob 2:13 S; 7:10 S) J 10:18; 1 Cor 9:4ff; Hb 13:10; Rv 13:5; B 4:2. W. obj. gen. foll. (τίς οὖν ἔτι ἔχει μου ἐξουσίαν; Epict. 3, 24, 70; διδόναι ἐξουσίαν τῶν πετεινῶν Did., Gen. 61, 24) εἰ ἄλλοι τῆς ὑμῶν ἐ. μετέχουσι 1 Cor 9:12. Also ἐ. ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς the right to the tree of life Rv 22:14. W. verbs of two constr. ἔχει ἐ. ὁ κεραμεὺς τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ φυράματος the potter has a right over the clay, to make fr. the same lump Ro 9:21. ἐ. ἔχειν περί τινος (4 Macc 4:5) be at liberty w. regard to a thing (opp. ἀνάγκην ἔχειν) 1 Cor 7:37; cp. 8:9; ἐ. ἐν τ. εὐαγγελίῳ a right in the gospel 9:18. ἐν τῇ σῇ ἐ. ὑπῆρχεν was at your disposal Ac 5:4 (Esth 4:17b; Appian, Liby. 52 §226 ἐν ἐ. εἶναι τί τινι=someth. is at someone’s disposal, is within one’s power).
    ② potential or resource to command, control, or govern, capability, might, power (on capacity for someth. cp. Did., Gen. 162, 5: ἡ προσαιρέσεως ἐξουσία; cp. 1 Esdr 4:28, 40; 2 Macc 7:16 the king can do what he pleases because he has the capability for doing so) ἡ ἐ. τ. ἵππων ἐν τ. στόματι αὐτῶν ἐστιν Rv 9:19; cp. vs. 3; 13:2, 4; 18:1; Mt 9:8; Ac 8:19. W. inf. foll. to indicate the thing that one is able to do (En 25:4 ἅψασθαι; Diod S 4, 52, 4 ἀμύνασθαι εἶχεν ἐξουσίαν; Mel., P. 104 πάντα κρίνει); ἐκβάλλειν τ. δαιμόνια [b]Mk 3:15. ἐμβαλεῖν εἰς τ. γέενναν Lk 12:5; cp. J 1:12; 7:1 v.l.; Rv 9:10; 11:6. W. gen. of the inf. foll. τοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων Lk 10:19; ποιεῖν ἐ. exercise power Rv 13:12. ἐ. ἔχειν τινός have power over someone (Epict. 4, 12, 8) GPt 3:7; ἑαυτοῦ IPol 7:3; also ἐ. ἔχειν ἐπί τινος Rv 20:6; cp. AcPl Ha 1, 3. Esp. of God’s power (Theodor. Prodr. 5, 313 ἡ θεῶν ἐ.; Da 4:17; Jos., Ant. 5, 109; 18, 214) Lk 12:5 (cp. 2 Cl 5:4); Ac 1:7; Jd 25; Hs 9, 23, 4. πάντων τ. ἐξουσίαν power over all Hm 4, 1, 11; Hs 9, 28, 8. πᾶσα ἡ ἐ. 5, 7, 3 (En 9:5). τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐ. MPol. 2:1. τέλους ἐ. power over the end PtK 2 p. 13, 22. ἐ. ἐπὶ τ. πληγάς control over the plagues Rv 16:9. Also of Satan’s power Ac 26:18; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; B 2:1.—The power that comes fr. God can involve transcendent knowledge, and both may be expressed by ἐ. (Herm. Wr. 1, 13; 14; 32). So his hearers conclude fr. Jesus’ teaching that he must have ἐ. (i.e. it is not necessary for him to first ask what the traditional practice or interpretation requires) Mk 1:22 (‘license’ of a Jewish teacher L-S-J-M Suppl., ’68; against this AArgyle, ET 80, ’68/69, 343); cp. Mt 7:29 (Rtzst., Poim. 48, 3, Mysterienrel.3 302; 363; JStarr, HTR 23, 1930, 302–5; HWindisch, Pls. u. Christus ’34, 151ff; DDaube, JTS 39, ’38, 45–59; HFlowers, ET 66, ’55, 254 [‘like a king’]; DHudson, ET 67, ’55/56, 17; JCoutts, JTS 8, ’57, 111–18 [Jesus and the 12]). The prep. expr. κατʼ ἐξουσίαν in accordance w. knowledge and power Mk 1:27 and ἐν ἐ. Lk 4:32 belong to this classification; cp. 4:36. The close relation of ἐ. w. ‘gnosis’ and teaching also B 18:1.—But it is not always possible to draw a hard and fast line betw. this sense and
    ③ the right to control or command, authority, absolute power, warrant (Sextus 36: the πιστός has ἐ. fr. God) ἐ. καὶ ἐπιτροπή (cp. Ps.-Pla., Defin. p. 415c ἐξουσία, ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου) authority and commission Ac 26:12. ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς; by whose authority are you doing this? Mt 21:23, 24, 27; Mk 11:28, 29, 33; Lk 20:2, 8. ἐ. διδόναι τινί put someone in charge (Diod S 13, 36, 2; 14, 81, 6; cp. Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 6 P.; En 9:7; TestJob 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 90; 20, 193) Mk 13:34; PtK 2 p. 14, 13. οἷς ἔδωκεν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τὴν ἐ. to whom he gave rights over the Gospel (for its proclamation) B 8:3. ὅτι τὸ ἄρχειν ἐξουσίας ἐστίν that ruling depends on authority 6:18. Of apostolic authority 2 Cor 10:8; 13:10; ISm 4:1. Of Jesus’ total authority Mt 28:18 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32; Da 7:14; DStanley, CBQ 29, ’67, 555–73); Hs 5, 6, 1. W. gen. of the one who has authority ἐ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ Rv 12:10 (Just., A I, 40, 7). W. gen. of that over which the authority is exercised (Diod S 2, 27, 3; IDefixWünsch 4, 21; Ps 135:8, 9; Wsd 10:14; Sir 17:2; Jos., Vi. 190) ἐ. πνευμάτων ἀκαθάρτων over the unclean spirits Mt 10:1; Mk 6:7; cp. J 17:2; Hm 4, 3, 5; PtK 2 p. 14, 13; 1 Cl 61:2; ISm 4:1; τούτου τοῦ λαοῦ Hs 8, 3, 3. Also ἐπί w. acc. (cp. Sir 33:20) Lk 9:1; cp. Rv 6:8; 13:7. Likew. ἐπί w. gen. (cp. Da 3:97) Rv 2:26; 11:6b; 14:18. παρά τινος (also ἀπό τινος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 13, 56) indicates the source of the authority (s. παρά A3b) Ac 9:14; 26:10; Hs 5, 6, 4 (restored from the Lat.; ἐ. λαμβάνειν as Diod S 11, 42, 6; TestJob 8:2f; 16:4; Vi. Aesopi G 11 p. 39, 4 P.) and κατά τινος the one against whom it is directed (TestJob 16:2 κατʼ ἐμοῦ; 8:2 κατὰ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων μου ‘over my possessions’; Sb 8316, 6f κύριε Σάραπι δὸς αὐτῷ κατεξουσίαν κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτοῦ; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 43, 25) J 19:11 (HvCampenhausen, TLZ 73, ’48, 387–92); B 4:13. W. pres. inf. foll. (cp. X., Mem. 2, 6, 24 and 35; Diod S 12, 75, 4; 1 Macc 10:35; 11:58; Jos., Ant. 4, 247) Mt 9:6; Mk 2:10; Lk 5:24; J 5:27. W. aor. inf. foll. (Jdth 8:15; 1 Esdr 8:22; 1 Macc 1:13) 19:10. Foll. by gen. of the pres. inf. (4 Macc 5:15) Hm 12, 4, 2.—RDillon, ‘As One Having Authority’ (Mark 1:22): CBQ 57, ’95, 92–113.
    ④ power exercised by rulers or others in high position by virtue of their office, ruling power, official power (Ps.-Pla., Alc. 1, 135b al.; LXX; Jos., Bell. 2, 140, Vi. 80) ἐ. ὡς βασιλεύς Rv 17:12f (Diod S 2, 45, 1 βασιλικὴν ἐ. ἔχειν; 14, 32, 5 ἐ. λαμβάνειν); ἐ. τοῦ ἡγεμόνος Lk 20:20; cp. J 19:10f, s. 3 above. ἐ. ἐπάνω δέκα πόλεων Lk 19:17. ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος a man under authority 7:8 (MFrost, ET 45, ’34, 477f); cp. Mt 8:9; Hs 1:3.—The power of a particular office (Diod S 1, 70, 1; 14, 113, 6 ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐξουσία; Plut., Mar. 406 [2, 1], Caes. 734 [58, 1]) ἐπαρχικὴ ἐ. the power of prefect Phlm subscr.
    ⓐ human authorities, officials, government (Dionys. Hal. 8, 44; 11, 32; POxy 261, 15) Lk 12:11 (here and elsewh. in NT w. ἀρχή, as also in Pla.); Ro 13:1, 2, 3 (with 13:1b cp. the express. ‘ancient saying’ [s. Hes., Theogony 96 ἐκ δὲ Διὸς βασιλῆες. On this HFränkel, Dichtung u. Philos. des frühen Griechentums ’62, 111 n. 6] in Artem. 2, 36 p. 135, 24; 2, 69 p. 161, 17 τὸ κρατοῦν δύναμιν ἔχει θεοῦ=the ruling power has its authority from God; Wsd 6:3; Jos., Bell. 2, 140 οὐ δίχα θεοῦ περιγενέσθαι τινὶ τὸ ἄρχειν … ἐξουσίαν); Tit 3:1. For the view that the ἐ. of Ro 13 are spirit powers, as b below, s. OCullmann, Christ and Time (tr. Filson) ’50, 191–210.—On the subj. in gener. s. LGaugusch, D. Staatslehre d. Ap. Pls nach Ro 13: ThGl 5, ’34, 529–50; JUitman, Onder Eig. Vaandel 15, ’40, 102–21; HvCampenhausen, ABertholet Festschr. ’50, 97–113; OCullmann, Zur neuesten Diskussion über die ἐξουσίαι in Rö 13:1: TZ 10, ’54, 321–36, D. Staat im NT ’612 (Eng. tr.: The State in the NT ’56, 93–114); against him AStrobel, ZNW 47, ’56, 67–93.—GCaird, Princip. and Powers ’56; RMorgenthaler TZ 12, ’56, 289–304; CMorrison, The Powers That Be ’60; EBarnikol, Rö 13. Der nichtpaulinische Ursprung der absoluten Obrigkeitsbejahung v. Rö 13:1–7 ’61, 65–133; HSchlier, Principalities and Powers in the NT ’61 (Eng. tr.); MBorg, NTS 19, ’72/73, 205–18. οἱ ἐπʼ ἐξουσίαν ἀχθέντες those who are brought before the authorities Hs 9, 28, 4.
    ⓑ of transcendent rulers and functionaries: powers of the spirit world (TestLevi 3:8; TestSol 20:15 B), sg. (w. ἀρχή and δύναμις) 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; Col 2:10. Pl. (w. ἀρχαί as Just., D. 41, 1; cp. Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 22) Eph 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:15; (w. ἄγγελοι, δυνάμεις) 1 Pt 3:22. Cp. the v.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).
    ⑥ the sphere in which power is exercised, domain (4 Km 20:13; Ps 113:2) Lk 4:6. ἐκ τ. ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου ἐστίν he comes fr. Herod’s jurisdiction 23:7. ἐ. τοῦ σκότους domain of darkness 22:53; Col 1:13 (opp. the βασιλεία of Christ). Hence ἐ. τοῦ ἀέρος simply domain of the air Eph 2:2; s. ἀήρ 2b.
    ⑦ Various opinions are held about the mng. of 1 Cor 11:10 ὀφείλει ἡ γυνὴ ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς διὰ τοὺς ἀγγέλους. Many now understand it as a means of exercising power (cp. δύναμις 1b.—It is abstract for concrete, as βασιλεία [1] in Diod S 1, 47, 5: a stone figure ἔχουσα τρεῖς βασιλείας ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς=that wears three symbols of royal power [diadems] on its head), that is to say, the veil (κάλυμμα is v.l. for ἐ. here; s. critical apparatus in N.) by which women at prayer (when they draw near to the heavenly realm) protect themselves fr. the amorous glances of certain angels. But the veil may also have been simply a symbol of womanly dignity, esp. befitting a Christian woman, and esp. in the presence of holy angels (s. Cadbury below).—WWeber, ZWT 46, 1903, 487–99; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 12–23 al.; EFehrle, Die kultische Keuschheit im Altertum1910, 39; RPerdelwitz, StKr 86, 1913, 611–13; LBrun, ZNW 14, 1913, 298–308; GKittel, Rabbinica 1920, 17ff; Billerb. III 423–35; KBornhäuser, NKZ 41, 1930, 475–88; WFoerster, ZNW 30, ’31, 185f; MGinsburger, RHPR 12, ’32, 245–47; OMotta, ET 44, ’33, 139–41; CSpicq, RB 48, ’39, 557–62; EBlakeney, ET 55, ’44, 138; SLösch, TQ 127, ’47, 216–61; JFitzmyer, NTS 3, ’57, 48–58; HCadbury, HTR 51, ’58, 1f (Qumran parallels); MHooker, NTS 10, ’64, 410–16; AIsaksson, Marriage and Ministry in the NT ’65, 176–81; GSchwartz, ZNW 70, ’79, 249 (Aramaic background).—LCerfaux et JTondriau, Un Concurrent du Christianisme, ’57. S. on ἄγγελος 2c.—V.l. for ἄρχειν Papias (4).—DELG s.v. εἰμί. New Docs 2, 83f. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐξουσία

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  • authority — au|thor|i|ty W1 [o:ˈθɔrıti, ə US əˈθa: , əˈθo: ] n plural authorities ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(power)¦ 2 the authorities 3¦(organization)¦ 4¦(expert)¦ 5¦(permission)¦ 6 authority figure 7¦(personal quality)¦ 8 I have it on good authority …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • Against All Authority (Groupe) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Against All Authority. Against All Authority image = Pays d’origine …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Against all authority (groupe) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Against All Authority. Against All Authority image = Pays d’origine …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Against All Authority (equipe) — Against All Authority (équipe) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Against All Authority. Against All Authority est le nom d une équipe française de jeux vidéo qui pratique le sport électronique. Plus connue sous l acronyme aAa, l équipe a… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Against All Authority (Équipe) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Against All Authority. Against All Authority est le nom d une équipe française de jeux vidéo qui pratique le sport électronique. Plus connue sous l acronyme aAa, l équipe a principalement officié depuis sa… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Against all authority (équipe) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Against All Authority. Against All Authority est le nom d une équipe française de jeux vidéo qui pratique le sport électronique. Plus connue sous l acronyme aAa, l équipe a principalement officié depuis sa… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Against All Authority — Datos generales Origen Miami Florida, EE.UU. Información a …   Wikipedia Español

  • Against All Authority — bezeichnet: Eine US amerikanische Punk Band, siehe Against All Authority (Band) Einen französischen E Sport Clan, siehe Against All Authority (E Sport) Diese Seite ist eine Begriffsklärung zur Unterscheidung mehrerer mit demselben …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Against Meidias — (Greek: Polytonic| Κατὰ Μειδίου) is one of the most famous judicial orations of the prominent Athenian statesman and orator Demosthenes.Historical BackgroundMeidias, a wealthy Athenian, publicly slapped Demosthenes, who was at the time a choregos …   Wikipedia

  • Against Apion — (lat. Contra Apionem or In Apionem) was a polemical work written by Flavius Josephus as a defense of Judaism as a classical religion and philosophy, stressing its antiquity against what he perceived as more recent traditions of the Greeks. Text… …   Wikipedia

  • Against the Grain (radio program) — Against the Grain is a syndicated Pacifica Radio program of radical ideas and action. The show originates out of the studios of KPFA FM, the flagship station in the Pacifica Radio Network. Against the Grain focuses on in depth analysis and… …   Wikipedia

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